OJO AL REGLAMENTO
Configuración Estructural de Edificaciones de Albañilería
En esta oportunidad analizaremos unas importantes recomendaciones dadas por nuestra Norma Técnica E-070 sobre cómo debe configurarse la estructura de una edificación de albañilería.
El artículo N° 15.1 dice lo siguiente:
"La configuración de los edificios con diafragma rígido debe tender a lograr:
- Plantas simples y regulares. Las plantas con formas de L, T, etc., deberán ser evitadas o, en todo caso, se dividirán en formas simples"
Empezaremos explicando qué significa configuración: “Dar determinada forma a algo”; si este concepto lo aplicamos a la estructura de una vivienda, se puede hablar de configuración estructural.
Esto no es más que “Darle a la estructura una determinada forma para lograr que esta adquiera ciertas propiedades o características sismo-resistentes (previamente establecidas)”
La recomendación que se nos esta dando se refiere a que, cuando se esté realizando el trabajo de configuración de una edificación, el objetivo es lograr darle la forma más simple y regular posible; es decir, debe evitar las formas “raras” (Ver Fotografía N° 1 y N° 2).
Para obtener una correcta configuración estructural de un edificio, se debe cuidar básicamente dos cosas:
-Su forma en planta. (Fig. N° 1).
-Su forma en elevación. (Fig. N° 2).
En ambos casos se debe evitar formas irregulares, tal como lo indica la Norma. (Ver Fig. N° 1 y Fig. N° 2). Por ejemplo, la forma en planta influye mucho en la reacción de la estructura ante la concentración de esfuerzos generada en ciertas partes (debido al movimiento sísmico).
Los sitios más vulnerables son los ángulos de quiebre entre las partes de la estructura. (Ver Fig. N° 3).
Estos son lugares en donde aparecerán rajaduras, por esta razón entre otras, las plantas irregulares (en forma de T, L, H, Z, U) han demostrado tener un comportamiento sísmico deficiente. Por tal razón se especifica, en estos casos, dividir este tipo de edificación en bloques simples mediante juntas sísmicas. (Ver Fig. N° 4).
Por el contrario, la experiencia ha demostrado, repetidas veces, que las estructuras simples se comportan mejor durante los sismos. Para efectos de una explicación sencilla, se puede decir que una estructura con una forma rectangular básica en planta y en elevación (Foto N° 1), es la más simple y su comportamiento sísmico es el más fácil de predecir.
DICCIONARIO TÉCNICO
1. Vivienda sismo-resistente: Una vivienda sismo-resistente, es aquella que puede soportar los efectos dañinos de los sismos.
2. Junta: Se llama junta al pequeño espacio que queda entre dos bloques inmediatos de una construcción.
3. Junta sísmica: Junta que permite una independencia de dos bloques adyacentes, de forma que el movimiento de uno se produce de manera independiente del otro.
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