Mucho Ojo al REGLAMENTO
IMPORTANCIA Y USOS DE LOS MUROS DE CONCRETO ARMADO
La Norma Técnica E-070 de Albañilería, en el capítulo 6, nos proporciona las recomendaciones que se debe tener en cuenta para la configuración estructura de una edificación de albañilería, como es el caso de las viviendas.
La configuración estructural de una edificación significa disponer, dar forma y medidas a cada una de las partes (vigas, columnas, placas, etc.) que componen la estructura de la edificación. Esto se hace con la finalidad de que la edificación tenga características específicas, por ejemplo, mayor resistencia a los sismos.
Bajo este contexto, la Norma Técnica E-070 menciona lo siguiente:
"La densidad de muros portantes de albañilería debe ser similar en las dos direcciones principales (X, Y) de la edificación. Cuando en cualquiera de estas direcciones no exista el área suficiente de muros para satisfacer los requisitos del artículo 19 (19.2b), se deberá suplir la deficiencia mediante muros de concreto armado..."
Uno de los principales problemas en nuestro medio es la construcción de viviendas con una cantidad de muros portantes inferior al mínimo exigido por la Norma Técnica. Esta diferencia es un grave error que ha sido evidente en los últimos sismos importantes ocurridos en nuestro país. Por ello, es vital conocer la importancia que tienen los muros portantes en las viviendas. Se cree erróneamente que las edificaciones serán más seguras si tienen solo columnas, pero también deben tener muros portantes (Figura 1).
Cuando no hay suficientes muros portantes de ladrillo en cualquiera de las direcciones principales de la vivienda a construirse, la Norma nos da una interesante alternativa que podemos aplicar para estos casos, a fin de corregir esta situación: la inserción de muros de concreto armado (placas) (Figura 2) en la estructura total de la edificación.
Una de las ventajas del muro de concreto armado frente a otro de albañilería -de las mismas medidas- es su mayor capacidad para absorber y resistir las cargas sísmicas.
Sin embargo, para que esta alternativa resulte efectiva, el muro de concreto armado tiene que ubicarse en un lugar estratégico de la estructura (no puede ir en cualquier lugar) y una vez que se encuentre el sitio apropiado, se le deberá dar las medidas adecuadas (Configuración estructural).
Finalmente, dentro del diseño estructural, un Ingeniero Calculista determinará la cantidad necesaria de fierro corrugado vertical y horizontal.
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