MUCHO OJO AL REGLAMENTO
DOBLADO INCORRECTO DEL REFUERZO
A menudo en la construcción de una edificación, la columna experimenta una reducción en sus medidas al pasar de un piso a otro inmediato superior. Si las mechas que se dejaron fueron rectas y ya se vació el techo, estas mechas tendrán una forma incorrecta dado que la columna superior es más pequeña.
La Norma Técnica de Edificación E-060: Concreto armado, nos indica el procedimiento constructivo que debemos seguir en estos casos, para lograr un adecuado empalme del refuerzo, sin perjudicar la calidad de la estructura ni la resistencia del acero.
Algunas veces, no se tiene en cuenta estas recomendaciones dadas por la Norma y en su reemplazo lo que se suele hacer es "grifar"(*1) las mechas que ya están parcialmente embebidas en el concreto endurecido (Fig.1a), adecuándolas de esta manera a su nueva posición para luego realizar el empalme correspondiente.
Cuando se trata de elementos estructurales de una edificación, este tipo de doblado (que no ha sido planificado en la habilitación y no vino indicado en los planos estructurales) debilita el refuerzo y como consecuencia la estructura.
Entonces habrá pérdida de eficiencia del refuerzo, cuando trabaje la fuerza de tracción(*2). Uno de los aspectos que considera el Diseño Estructural, es el trabajo a plena tracción que deberá desarrollar el refuerzo dentro de un elemento de concreto armado, este trabajo, por cierto, es uno de los mas importantes del fierro corrugado de construcción.
Obsérvese que en este proceso (Figura 2), la barra expuesta esta firmemente sujeta al extremo inferior, externamente esta totalmente alineada en un mismo eje (no tiene ningún doblez). Esto hace que -desde el inicio- la barra esté trabajando a "tracción plena", sin pérdida de eficiencia, ni de efectividad; mientras que el de la Fig.1a (mecha) no esta alineada, debido al doblez producto del grifado realizado, es decir, el refuerzo de la estructura real no está trabajando bajo las mismas condiciones de diseño, y por lo tanto su comportamiento obviamente es diferente.
Por otro lado, cuando se realiza esta mala práctica de "grifar" el refuerzo, no se tiene cuidado en respetar los diámetros de doblez mínimos (D) (Figura 1b), con lo cual el material puede tener daños que lo fragilicen, lo que ocasionará la aparición de grietas transversales cuando el operario grife el refuerzo, alterando así sus características de resistencia.
En conclusión, hay consecuencias perjudiciales cuando se opta por "grifar" el refuerzo a su nueva ubicación. Lo conveniente al habilitar el acero, es aplicar la recomendación que nos da la Norma: el fierro debe doblarse antes de ser instalado
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